Juvenile Justice System
Understanding the process if you or someone you know is arrested
The juvenile justice system in Pennsylvania is focused on rehabilitation rather than punishment. But it can still have serious consequences. This guide explains how the system works, your rights, and how to get help.
Practical next steps
Know the difference: juvenile vs. adult court
Most people under 18 go through Family Court, not adult criminal court. Juvenile records are generally confidential and can often be expunged. However, serious offenses can result in transfer to adult court.
If arrested: exercise your rights immediately
Say: 'I am invoking my right to remain silent and my right to an attorney.' Ask to contact your parent or guardian immediately.
Right to an attorney — even if you can't afford one
You have the right to an attorney at every stage. The Defender Association of Philadelphia provides juvenile defense at no cost: 215-568-3190.
The intake process
A juvenile probation officer interviews you and your family. They make a recommendation about whether the case should proceed formally or informally (diversion). Say nothing about the incident without your attorney.
Diversion programs — alternatives to formal adjudication
First-time or low-level offenses may qualify for diversion: community service, counseling, or restorative justice. Successful completion results in no formal record.
The adjudication hearing
Like a trial but without a jury. A judge determines whether the charge is true. If adjudicated delinquent, a separate disposition hearing determines the consequence.
Possible outcomes
Dispositions can include: probation, community service, counseling, house arrest, or (in serious cases) residential placement. Incarceration is a last resort under Pennsylvania law.
Understand the school consequences
A juvenile record can affect school enrollment, scholarship applications, and jobs. Talk to an attorney about expungement as soon as possible.
Resource starting points
- Juvenile Law Center
Juvenile justice advocacy and legal resources.
Organizations featured in this guide
- Defender Association of Philadelphia
Free juvenile defense for all Philadelphia youth who cannot afford an attorney. Essential first call if arrested.
- Youth Sentencing & Reentry Project (YSRP)
Advocacy and direct legal support for youth in the justice system, including re-sentencing and reentry.
- Juvenile Law Center
Philadelphia-based national advocacy organization for juvenile justice reform — free legal resources.
- Community Legal Services
Free civil and criminal legal help for low-income Philadelphians including juvenile justice issues.
Helpful things to know
Silence is your most powerful tool
Anything you say to police, counselors, or prosecutors can be used against you. Say nothing without your attorney.
Diversion = no record
If eligible for diversion, complete it successfully. Diversion means no formal juvenile record — which protects your future enormously.
Common questions
Will a juvenile record follow me into adulthood?
Juvenile records are generally sealed when you turn 18 and can be expunged. Talk to an attorney about expunging your record as soon as you're eligible.
Can I be tried as an adult?
Yes, in serious cases. Youth 14+ charged with certain serious offenses can be transferred to adult court. A defense attorney can request a 'decertification hearing' to move the case back to juvenile court.